From Goals to Gains: Therapy Goal Selection, Attainment, and Their Association With Psychotherapy Outcomes

Authors

  • Flavio Iovoli Orcid
    Department of Psychology, Osnabrueck University, Osnabrueck, Germany
  • Saskia Rieger
    Department of Psychology, Osnabrueck University, Osnabrueck, Germany
  • Juan Martín Gómez Penedo Orcid
    Department of Psychology, Osnabrueck University, Osnabrueck, Germany; Department of Psychology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany; Department of Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
  • Jessica Fritz Orcid
    Department of Psychology, Osnabrueck University, Osnabrueck, Germany
  • Martin Cordes Orcid
    Department of Psychology, Osnabrueck University, Osnabrueck, Germany
  • Ruben Lauterbach Orcid
    Department of Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
  • Henning Schöttke Orcid
    Department of Psychology, Osnabrueck University, Osnabrueck, Germany
  • Julian A. Rubel Orcid
    Department of Psychology, Osnabrueck University, Osnabrueck, Germany

Abstract

Background: Therapy goals are central to psychotherapeutic interventions. While symptom-specific goals are commonly emphasized, patients often set diverse goals that may not align with standardized symptom measures. This study examines how patient characteristics are associated with the selection of specific therapy goal content categories and whether attainment in these domains shows associations with different psychotherapy outcomes. Method: Therapy goals from 645 patients undergoing cognitive-behavioral therapy in an outpatient clinic were categorized using the Bern Inventory of Treatment Goals and analyzed. Baseline predictors of therapy goal selection and diversity were examined using multilevel logistic and ordinal regression models. The association between goal selection and their goal attainment with residualized post-treatment scores in symptoms, global functioning, and end-of-treatment patient satisfaction were assessed using Bayesian multilevel regression models. Results: Baseline patient characteristics were associated with the selection of specific therapy goal categories, alongside substantial therapist-level effects in several categories. Goal-category attainment showed differential associations with psychotherapy outcomes, with the strongest and most consistent effects observed for symptom-related outcomes. Conclusion: These findings indicate that the attainment of specific therapy goal categories is meaningfully reflected in standardized outcome measures, but in a category-sensitive rather than uniform way. Combining therapy goal-based and standardized assessments may improve the alignment between patient priorities and outcome evaluation in routine psychotherapy.